Asian Pain Academy

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common causes of disability worldwide and remains a major challenge for clinicians. While conventional imaging often focuses on discs, facet joints, and neural compression, growing evidence suggests that dysfunction of the lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) plays a critical role in persistent spinal pain and instability. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSK-US) has emerged as a valuable imaging modality for evaluating multifidus morpholo